Republic vs. Democracy

In the immediate aftermath of the most recent Presidential election, President-elect Trump repeatedly crowed about his "historic" win. His utterances suggested that he thought that he had won a broad mandate. His detractors often pointed out that despite winning the election, his main opponent had received more votes. Trumpists, after trotting out a map purporting to show how many counties had received a majority of Trump votes, would respond that "this is a Republic, not a Democracy", as if that explained why we had an electoral college. 

I have heard the supposed difference between democracies and republics "explained" to me numerous times over the years, and by "explained" I mean "shouted at me", usually with an admonition to "educate myself". For these people a Democracy is nothing more or less than a Direct Democracy, i.e. "Mob Rule", while a  Republic is a government by elected representatives who are guided by a constitution. This is partially true.

"Republic" comes from the Latin Res Publica, "a matter of the people", whereby the government is a public matter and not the private property of a monarch. In other words, in the strictest interpretation, a republic is simply "not a monarchy". The form that a republic can take is quite varied. In the United States, most people who refer to republics are talking about a representative-constitutional government, whereby the executive and legislators are elected by the people for fixed terms and are guided by laws, in our case, a constitution. However who "the people" are can be circumscribed quite broadly. In the early days of the United States only adult, white, male, landowners were permitted to vote. This eventually gave the way to voting rights for all adults, except some felons. In a Socialist, or Communist, Republic, the will of "the people" is assumed to reside in the ruling party, which has elections, but decides ahead of time who may run. In an Islamic Republic, the Quran and the clergy empowered to interpret it decide what's good for the people. Ancient Greek republics limited voting to a citizen class. But even if we accept that the correct or true form of a republic is an elected representative government bound by a constitution, that does not makes democracies and republics mutually exclusive.

"Democracy" literally means power or rule of the people. The simplest form of this is Direct Democracy, often referred to as "Mob Rule", where every decision is voted upon by everyone. Obviously this could only work in very limited situations, such as (very) small towns, or people in small isolated groupings. Direct Democracy almost never exists. A less "pure" form of democracy would involve an elected administrator and/or hired technical people who would keep things running, while important decisions would be voted on. The other end of the democracy continuum would be a system indistinguishable from what we defined above as a representative, constitutional republic: you elect representatives for fixed terms, who are then responsible to run the government according to a constitution. Those who are careful about their words refer to this as a democratic republic, or just a democracy for short. Nobody who calls the United States a democracy really believes that it is a direct democracy or thinks that a direct democracy is a good thing for a large nation.

Nothing about a Democratic Republic, whether you emphasize "democracy" or "republic", guarantees that a system like the Electoral College will exist, or is the ideal system. Various representative democracies/democratic republics use various methods for choosing their head of government, or head of state. Most directly elect their president or prime  minister through popular vote. In some countries, notably in the United Kingdom, the Prime Minister is the leader of the party which wins a majority of seats in the House of Commons. We have the system that we do, not because we're a republic, or even strictly because we have a federal system, but because of various compromises arising from competing priorities among the various states. Predominant issues included slavery, small state versus larger states and the tendency for the states to view themselves as sovereign. 

Nothing about being a republic guarantees that a tyranny of the majority, the mob rule that detractors of the term democracy so fear, cannot take root. Majorities can still elect representatives that will abuse minorities, and the representatives can be cowed by fear of not being re-elected. What gives the minority rights and protections are the rights and protections that we wrote into our laws early on, such as the Bill of Rights and separation of powers.  

Yes, it's important to use our terms accurately, but insisting that our republic is not a democracy is insisting on a distinction without a difference. 

My Problems With Trump

On November 9th I asked whether we were supposed to just forget all the hate and vitriol as President-Elect Trump sounded so calm and "Presidential" while showing grace and courtesy to Secretary Clinton and President Obama. He was elected in part by taking advantage of latent racism, bigotry, xenophobia and misogyny among many American voters and I was not in the mood to pretend that this man was going to be a reasonable, rationale, sober leader. It didn't take long for Trump to tire of acting reasonable and rational and take to Twitter with his ill-informed opinions and unsubstantiated accusations.

During the campaign I thought most of what Trump was proposing, if bellowing out applause lines can seriously be considered proposing, was unrealistic (The Wall), and the rest was just what normal Republicans were going to do anyway (Repeal PPACA). I didn't believe that he knew what he was talking about, or had put any serious thought it the how of any of his ideas. I thought his ignorance of virtually all facets of governance was his biggest downside.

As he started to "get to work", if a four eight hour days followed by a golf weekend can be called work, I was unhappy with his executive orders, but was not surprised, after all, eliminating regulations was an old Republican standby. There's certainly an argument to be made about how harmful his executive actions are, and how his cabinet picks, people who don't believe in the mission of their departments, could be characterized as re-filling the swamp, rather than draining it.

His obsessive jihad to eliminate the PPACA also wasn't surprising, in that the Republicans had been threatening to do it for eight years and he had been shouting about it throughout his campaign, and I shouldn't have been surprised that he had no idea what was actually in the so-called replacement bill. It goes right along with his general ignorance.

The two things that disturb me the most about Trump are (1) his demonizing of the press  and (2) the apparent collusion with Russian in influencing the election and his attempts to end the investigation.

Trumpists, and Trump himself, put a lot of stock in the Second Amendment, but support for the First seems to be conditional. Say what you want about bias in the press, a free media, while not a branch of government and outside the constitutional system of checks and balances, often acts as an unofficial check and balance against government overreach. How many examples of government skulduggery has been exposed by a newspaper that just wouldn't back down? An independent media is one of the first things to go in a dictatorship.

Trump, almost from Day One has made it his mission to sow distrust in the mainstream media and portray media outlets as liars who use nonexistent sources and make up stories to make him look bad. He regularly calls major newspapers and television news "fake news" and has declared them "the enemy of the people". Among his followers, anything that he says is to be accepted without question, despite his easily documented lies about virtually everything, while anything from the mainstream media is "fake news". His evident goal is to discredit independent reporting, so that Trump and only Trump will be the source of what is true about Trump.

The second disturbing thing about Trump is the Russia investigation. At first it was simply about hacked emails and fake news reports. That didn't seem so bad. No one was suggesting that voting machines were tampered with, just that Russia had interfered, or attempted to do so. But after a while it seemed like every week, or even every day, another Trump associate turned out not only to have ties with Russia, but had lied about it. And now we have Trump firing the head of the FBI in the middle of the investigation, and said former FBI Director claiming that Trump tried to get him to back off and intelligence directors also testifying that Trump tried to get them to get the FBI to end the investigation.

If this is a "made up story to create an excuse for losing the election" why the cover-up?

Trumpian Logical Fallacies: Ad Hominem

Ad Hominem is one of Trump's go-to arguments: his opponent isn't wrong because of what they say,  he or she is wrong because of who they are. This is a classic playground maneuver, pin a humiliating nickname on someone, repeat it often enough, and that nickname becomes that person. "Low Energy" Jeb, "Little" Marco, "Lyin'" Ted, "Crooked" Hillary. He flung these epithets around so often that he was spared the trouble of actually making the case that his characterizations were true.

During the primaries I saw an egregious example of how his ad hominem attacks had, for many of his supports, become the truth. Ted Cruz, a politician who I harbor no warm and fuzzy feelings, was leaving a campaign event and encountered a group of Trump supports. Cruz politely, and apparently sincerely, attempted to engage them in conversation. The spokesman for the group could not articulate why he supported Trump over Cruz, but merely repeated, over and over the insulting label "Lyin' Ted". The Trump supporter could not, when pressed by Cruz, give any examples of lies that Cruz told. Eventually Cruz walked off.

The ad hominem that seems to have the most life in it is the term "fake news" or "fake media". Trump took a term that had been applied to fringe web sites and to partisan outlets that purposely planted false stories, and applied it to legitimate news sources. Trump, like his name-calling toward individuals, provides no evidence of the "fakeness", but he just keeps saying it, over and over until his hardcore supporters believe it.

By all, means, if someone is lying, call them on it, if what's in the news is false, speak up, if an opponent has bad ideas, counter them with good ones, but to make a decision or form an opinion based on a schoolyard insult is just lazy.

Trumpian Logical Fallacies: The Strawman

A few years ago, while in the midst of an argument on a message board, I accused my "debate opponent" of engaging in a strawman argument. Not understanding what that was, he attempted to rebut my position by claiming that it was my argument that was composed of metaphorical straw. He didn't understand. A strawman does not equate a position with straw, i.e. flimsy and unsubstantial. What someone who is using the strawman argument does, is present his opponent's position as related to, but weaker than or distorted from the actual position. He then attacks that "straw man" version of his opponent's argument rather than the actual argument.

President Trump regularly attacks straw versions of his political opponents, rather than those opponents themselves. Trump's campaign rallies last year and his Twitter feed this year are full of misrepresentations of what other people actually stand for. One example from the campaign was Trump's assertion that Clinton was going to eliminate the Second Amendment. Of course it's a no-brainer for Trump's base to be against someone who wants to actually take away a part of the Bill of Rights. Except that wasn't Clinton's position at all.

A couple of days following Trump on Twitter will provide numerous examples of the strawman fallacy. Trump, in this series of tweets has suggested that the Democrats are the reason that we are staring a government shutdown in the face. He is ascribing motives and actions to them that don't exist in order to attack them. I will concede that Trump's ramblings are so full of logical fallacies, that it may be difficult to isolate a statement and link it clearly to one fallacy. Ad hominem attacks play a big role in his public statements, as does appeal to fear and bandwagon fallacies. What they all have in common is that his arguments are all talk and no substance. So, the question that you want to ask while cheering Mr. Trump's attacks on the Democrats, on immigrants, on the news media, for their sins, is: is what he's saying that they're doing actually what they're doing?